For homeowners seeking to prevent water damage, a reliable water shutoff valve smart system offers peace of mind through automatic leak detection and control. The Frizzlife LP365 stands out as the best overall choice, combining accurate monitoring with seamless automation. The YoLink FlowSmart offers excellent long-range capabilities for larger properties, while the Moen Flo provides a straightforward, plug-and-play solution for quick setups. Each option balances features and price differently, making tradeoffs in complexity, expandability, and smart home compatibility. Continue reading for a detailed comparison to find the best fit for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Top picks vary in complexity, from simple plug-and-play models to fully integrated systems with multiple sensors.
- Long-range connectivity and offline operation are key for larger homes or properties with less WiFi stability.
- Ease of installation remains a common factor, but more advanced systems often require more technical setup.
- Price differences reflect features like sensor quantity, smart home integration, and auto shutoff speed.
- Choosing a system depends on whether you prioritize simplicity, expandability, or maximum coverage.
| Frizzlife LP365 Smart Water Monitor and Automatic Shutoff Valve |  | Best Overall for Home Water Management | Flow Rate Detection: 0.01 GPM | Water Pressure Monitoring: Yes | Temperature Monitoring: Yes | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| WiFi Smart Water Leak Detection & Auto Shut-Off Kit – 1 EVO Valve Controller + 2 Wireless Sensors, No Hub Needed, Works with Alexa & Google Home |  | Best for Easy, No-Hub Setup | Compatible Devices: Alexa, Google Home | Control Method: App, Voice | Sensor Technology: Moisture Sensor | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| YoLink Smart Water Leak Protection System Kit: Bulldog Valve Robot, Smart Valve Controller 2, 3 Water Leak Sensors, Hub |  | Best for Long-Range, Reliable Protection | Output Type: Digital | Specific Uses For Product: home_water_leak_detection, business_water_leak_detection | Material Type: Plastic | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| YoLink FlowSmart All-in-One Smart Water Meter & Auto Shutoff for ¾″ Pipes |  | Best for Independent, No-WiFi Systems | Pipe Size: ¾ inch | Power Source: Battery | Battery: Lithium, multi-year | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Bulldog Matter WiFi Valve Robot with Wired Leak Sensor, No Hub Required, Easy DIY Install, Fits up to 1.5″ Valves |  | Best for DIY Installations and Expandability | Compatibility: Standard ¾”, 1″, 1.25″, 1.5″ valves | Connectivity: WiFi with Matter support | Sensors Supported: Up to 20 leak sensors | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Moen Flo Shutoff, 3/4″ Automatic Water Leak Detector & Shutoff, 900-001 |  | Best Overall for Whole-Home Leak Prevention | Model: 900-001 | Connection Size: 3/4″ | Type: Automatic Water Leak Detector & Shutoff | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Frizzlife LPG365-P Smart Water Automatic Shutoff Valve with Leak Sensors |  | Best for Tiny Leak Detection & Whole-House Monitoring | Flow Rate: 0.01 GPM | Pipe Sizes: 1-inch & 3/4-inch NPT | Connectivity: Wi-Fi (2.4GHz & 5GHz) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| YoLink Wireless Smart Valve Control Kit, 3/4″ Brass Motorized Valve, LoRa Long Range, D2D Offline with Leak Sensors, 12V Adapter & 2 Years Battery Backup |  | Best for Long-Range, Offline Control & Smart Home Integration | Valve Size: 3/4″ | Material: Brass | Power Options: 12V adapter and 4 AA batteries | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Smart Automatic Water Shutoff Valve & Leak Detector with 15-Second Auto Shut-Off and LoRa Coverage |  | Best for Rapid Response & Independent Long-Range Operation | Power Source: 4 AAA batteries | Range: 1640 ft | Sensor Technology: Contact sensor | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| YoLink DIY Automatic Water Leak Detection & Shut-Off Starter Kit, X3 Version Wireless Valve Controller, (4) Leak Sensors, Hub |  | Best for Scalable, Smart Home Integration & DIY Setup | Compatible Devices: Alexa, Google Assistant | Number of Batteries: 4 AAA batteries | Control Method: App, Voice | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Frizzlife LP365 Smart Water Monitor and Automatic Shutoff Valve
The Frizzlife LP365 stands out as the most comprehensive option, combining ultrasonic leak detection, real-time monitoring, and automatic shutoff control through a dedicated app. Compared with the YoLink systems, it offers more precise leak detection down to 0.01 GPM, making it ideal for homeowners seeking detailed water insights. Its compatibility with multiple smart home platforms adds convenience, but installation requires professional help, and outdoor use might need weatherproofing. This model works best where precise leak detection and remote control are priorities, especially in homes vulnerable to water damage.
Pros:- Highly accurate ultrasonic leak detection down to 0.01 GPM
- Remote control and real-time monitoring via app
- Automatic shutoff prevents water damage
- Compatible with multiple smart home ecosystems
Cons:- Requires professional installation for optimal performance
- Needs to be plugged into power for connectivity
- Outdoor use may need weatherproofing
Best for: Homeowners wanting detailed water usage data combined with automatic leak prevention
Not ideal for: Renters or DIYers seeking a simple, plug-and-play solution without professional installation
- Flow Rate Detection:0.01 GPM
- Water Pressure Monitoring:Yes
- Temperature Monitoring:Yes
- Pipe Compatibility:1-inch and 3/4-inch
- Power Source:Corded Electric
- Control Method:App
Our verdict“This is the best choice for homeowners who prioritize precise leak detection and comprehensive remote control capabilities.”
WiFi Smart Water Leak Detection & Auto Shut-Off Kit – 1 EVO Valve Controller + 2 Wireless Sensors, No Hub Needed, Works with Alexa & Google Home
This kit excels in offering a straightforward, no-fuss solution that connects directly to WiFi, making it ideal for users who want quick installation without plumbing modifications. Unlike the Frizzlife LP365, it relies solely on moisture sensors and a simple app or voice commands, suitable for those new to smart water systems. Its loud siren and flashing light provide instant local alerts, but it is limited to moisture detection and needs a stable 2.4GHz WiFi network. This option makes sense for renters or small homes where ease of use outweighs detailed monitoring.
Pros:- Easy installation without plumbing or tools
- No hub required, WiFi direct connection
- Instant alerts with loud siren and flashing light
- Works with Alexa and Google Home
Cons:- Limited to moisture detection, not other leak types
- Dependent on 2.4GHz WiFi stability
- No info on power source or battery life
Best for: Renters or first-time smart home users seeking quick, easy leak detection and shutoff
Not ideal for: Homeowners wanting detailed water data or multi-issue leak detection beyond moisture sensors
- Compatible Devices:Alexa, Google Home
- Control Method:App, Voice
- Sensor Technology:Moisture Sensor
- Color:White
- Item Dimensions:6.3″L x 3.5″W x 3.5″H
Our verdict“This kit suits those seeking a simple, fast installation for basic leak detection and remote control without additional complexity.”
YoLink Smart Water Leak Protection System Kit: Bulldog Valve Robot, Smart Valve Controller 2, 3 Water Leak Sensors, Hub
This comprehensive system is designed for users who require robust, long-range communication and continuous protection, even during power or internet outages. Compared to the WiFi-based kits, the YoLink system uses LoRa technology, which provides up to 1/4 mile communication range, making it ideal for larger properties or commercial settings. Its device-to-device control and extended battery life ensure resilience, but setup can be complex with multiple components, and additional alerts might come at extra cost. It’s best for those who want reliable, long-term protection with minimal maintenance.
Pros:- Long-range LoRa communication up to 1/4 mile
- Device-to-device control maintains operation during outages
- Battery life up to 5 years for sensors, 2 years for valve
- Easy installation without plumbing modifications
Cons:- Setup can be complex with multiple components
- Limited notification options included
- Additional alerts or features may incur extra costs
Best for: Home or business owners needing long-range, offline-capable leak protection
Not ideal for: Users preferring simple WiFi setup or with small, easily accessible plumbing systems
- Output Type:Digital
- Specific Uses For Product:home_water_leak_detection, business_water_leak_detection
- Material Type:Plastic
- Style Name:Bulldog Valve Robot
- Item Dimensions:7.87 x 3.15 x 9.45 inches
- Warranty:See product page
Our verdict“Best suited for those needing dependable, long-range leak protection that functions during power or internet failures.”
YoLink FlowSmart All-in-One Smart Water Meter & Auto Shutoff for ¾″ Pipes
This all-in-one device is tailored for users who prefer a stand-alone system that doesn’t depend on WiFi or internet, utilizing LoRa communication instead. It features ultrasonic leak detection and an integrated motorized shutoff valve, making it a strong alternative to the WiFi-based systems like Bulldog Matter. Its multi-year battery life and reliable long-range connectivity make it ideal for residential or light commercial use, but it requires a YoLink Hub, adding to the setup complexity. It’s perfect for those who want a robust, offline-capable leak prevention system.
Pros:- Real-time leak detection with automatic shutoff
- Long-range LoRa communication ensures operation without WiFi
- Battery-powered for multi-year operation
- Compatible with YoLink Hub for centralized control
Cons:- Requires a YoLink Hub, increasing setup steps
- Installation must avoid environmental hazards
- Limited pipe size compatibility
Best for: Homeowners or small businesses seeking an internet-independent, durable leak detection system
Not ideal for: Those looking for a simple plug-and-play WiFi solution or with small pipe sizes outside ¾ inch
- Pipe Size:¾ inch
- Power Source:Battery
- Battery:Lithium, multi-year
- Maximum Range:0.25 miles
- Sensor Technology:Contact sensor
Our verdict“Ideal for users wanting a robust, offline leak prevention solution with multi-year battery life and long-range communication.”
Bulldog Matter WiFi Valve Robot with Wired Leak Sensor, No Hub Required, Easy DIY Install, Fits up to 1.5″ Valves
The Bulldog Matter WiFi Valve Robot offers straightforward installation over existing valves, supporting up to 20 leak sensors for extensive coverage. It excels for DIY enthusiasts who want to expand their protection system without additional plumbing or hub complexities. Compared to the YoLink systems, it’s more compatible with standard valves and offers a wider range of smart home integrations. However, it relies on WiFi for remote features and doesn’t specify battery backup, which could be a concern during power outages. This pick makes the most sense for homeowners seeking expandable, easy-to-install leak prevention.
Pros:- Automatic water shutoff for leak detection
- Easy DIY installation without plumbing modifications
- Supports up to 20 leak sensors for extensive coverage
- Compatible with major smart home platforms
Cons:- Dependent on WiFi network for remote operation
- Limited to specific valve sizes (up to 1.5″)
- No explicit battery backup details
Best for: DIY homeowners wanting an expandable, WiFi-based leak shutoff system that fits various valve sizes
Not ideal for: Users needing long-range or offline systems, or those with non-standard valves
- Compatibility:Standard ¾”, 1″, 1.25″, 1.5″ valves
- Connectivity:WiFi with Matter support
- Sensors Supported:Up to 20 leak sensors
- Installation:DIY, no plumbing required
Our verdict“Great for DIY users wanting an expandable, WiFi-connected leak protection system that can be easily installed over existing valves.”
Moen Flo Shutoff, 3/4″ Automatic Water Leak Detector & Shutoff, 900-001
The Moen Flo Shutoff stands out for its proactive approach to leak detection, continuously monitoring flow, pressure, and temperature to prevent damage before it happens. Unlike simpler sensors, its MicroLeak tests add an extra layer of security, making it ideal for homeowners who prioritize early leak detection and automated shutoff. While it requires professional installation and a compatible smartphone for full functionality, this adds some upfront cost but offers peace of mind for critical areas. Compared with the Frizzlife LPG365-P, it provides more comprehensive monitoring, though it’s less flexible in terms of DIY setup. This pick makes the most sense for those seeking a robust, whole-home solution that integrates seamlessly with a professional plumbing system.
Pros:- Proactively detects leaks before damage occurs
- Automates water shutoff for full-home safety
- Remotely monitored via Moen Flo App
- Learns water patterns to improve detection accuracy
Cons:- Requires professional installation, increasing initial cost
- Dependent on smartphone app for full functionality
Best for: Homeowners wanting a reliable, professionally installed leak detection system with automatic shutoff for entire house protection
Not ideal for: Renters or DIY enthusiasts seeking a simple, self-install system without the need for professional setup
- Model:900-001
- Connection Size:3/4″
- Type:Automatic Water Leak Detector & Shutoff
- Installation:In-line on main water supply (professional recommended)
Our verdict“This system is best suited for homeowners who want a professional-grade, comprehensive leak prevention solution for their entire property.”
Frizzlife LPG365-P Smart Water Automatic Shutoff Valve with Leak Sensors
The Frizzlife LPG365-P introduces advanced ultrasonic leak detection, making it superior in identifying tiny, hard-to-detect leaks compared to basic contact sensors like those in the YoLink kit. Its wireless sensors and app control enable real-time alerts, perfect for users needing immediate response capabilities across larger properties. However, professional installation is recommended, and it relies on Wi-Fi, which can be a limiting factor during outages. Compared to the YoLink Wireless Kit, its ultrasonic technology offers more precise leak detection, though it might be less scalable for extensive property setups. This model suits tech-savvy homeowners who want detailed leak monitoring with automatic shutoff, especially in areas prone to small leaks.
Pros:- Ultrasonic leak detection for tiny leaks
- Remote control and instant alerts via app
- Wireless sensors cover extensive areas
- Automatic shutoff enhances safety
Cons:- Requires professional installation
- Dependent on Wi-Fi connectivity
Best for: Homeowners seeking precise leak detection with remote control and automatic shutoff, especially for sensitive or high-value areas
Not ideal for: Individuals with unreliable Wi-Fi or those preferring simple, plug-and-play solutions without professional installation
- Flow Rate:0.01 GPM
- Pipe Sizes:1-inch & 3/4-inch NPT
- Connectivity:Wi-Fi (2.4GHz & 5GHz)
- Includes:3 leak sensors, power cable, plumbing tape
Our verdict“Ideal for those who need detailed leak detection with remote management and automatic safety features in larger or sensitive spaces.”
YoLink Wireless Smart Valve Control Kit, 3/4″ Brass Motorized Valve, LoRa Long Range, D2D Offline with Leak Sensors, 12V Adapter & 2 Years Battery Backup
The YoLink Wireless Smart Valve Control Kit offers impressive long-range connectivity, reaching up to ¼ mile, making it highly suitable for large properties or remote locations where Wi-Fi may be unreliable. Its brass motorized valve ensures durability, and the 2-year battery backup adds reliability during outages. This system integrates with popular smart home platforms like Alexa and IFTTT, making it flexible for automation. Unlike Wi-Fi-dependent systems, its LoRa technology operates independently, but it requires a hub and proper environmental protection during installation. Compared with Wi-Fi systems like the Frizzlife LPG365-P, it excels in areas with poor Wi-Fi coverage but sacrifices simplicity and direct app control without the hub.
Pros:- Long-range LoRa connectivity for large or remote sites
- Battery backup ensures operation during outages
- Compatible with Alexa, IFTTT, and smart home systems
- Durable brass construction
Cons:- Requires a hub for operation and app access
- Installation needs environmental protection for outdoor use
Best for: Property owners needing long-range, offline-capable leak control with smart home integration in large or rural settings
Not ideal for: Homeowners with small properties or those seeking a simple plug-and-play system without hubs or environmental considerations
- Valve Size:3/4″
- Material:Brass
- Power Options:12V adapter and 4 AA batteries
- Wireless Range:Up to 1/4 mile
Our verdict“This system is perfect for users who need reliable, long-range leak control with smart home integration in extensive or remote properties.”
Smart Automatic Water Shutoff Valve & Leak Detector with 15-Second Auto Shut-Off and LoRa Coverage
The Smart Automatic Water Shutoff Valve is engineered for quick action, shutting off water within 15 seconds of leak detection, making it ideal for preventing major damage. Its use of LoRa technology allows it to operate independently of Wi-Fi, with a maximum range of over 1,600 feet, offering flexibility for DIY installation without relying on internet stability. It supports multiple sensors for comprehensive coverage, though it’s limited to specific pipe sizes and lacks built-in Wi-Fi, which might be a drawback for users wanting remote app control. Compared with the Wi-Fi-based systems like Frizzlife LPG365-P, it’s more suitable for environments where internet access is unreliable or undesirable for safety reasons. This makes it a strong choice for DIYers or those prioritizing rapid response over connectivity.
Pros:- Auto shutoff within 15 seconds of leak detection
- Long-range LoRa coverage for large properties
- Supports multiple sensors for extensive detection
- Easy DIY installation on standard pipes
Cons:- Requires 4 AAA batteries, ongoing maintenance
- Limited to specific pipe sizes (3/4″ & 1″)
Best for: Homeowners or property managers prioritizing fast leak response and independent operation during Wi-Fi outages
Not ideal for: Users seeking full remote control via smartphone or extensive integration with smart home platforms
- Power Source:4 AAA batteries
- Range:1640 ft
- Sensor Technology:Contact sensor
- Size Compatibility:3/4″ & 1″
Our verdict“This model suits users who need rapid leak response and long-range, offline operation over remote app control or advanced smart home features.”
YoLink DIY Automatic Water Leak Detection & Shut-Off Starter Kit, X3 Version Wireless Valve Controller, (4) Leak Sensors, Hub
The YoLink Starter Kit offers a flexible, scalable solution with four leak sensors, a wireless valve controller, and a hub, making it suitable for larger properties or multiple zones. Its long-range connectivity up to ¼ mile and compatibility with Alexa and Google Assistant provide seamless integration into existing smart home setups. The system’s ability to operate during Wi-Fi outages and its DIY-friendly installation appeal to those wanting quick setup without dependency on internet stability. However, it requires batteries and environmental protection during outdoor use, and detailed user reviews are limited. Compared with the Wi-Fi-based Frizzlife LPG365-P, this kit emphasizes long-range control and offline functionality, making it ideal for users who value flexibility and network independence.
Pros:- Long-range wireless connectivity up to ¼ mile
- Compatible with Alexa and Google Assistant
- Operates during Wi-Fi outages
- Scalable with multiple sensors
Cons:- Requires batteries and environmental protection
- Installation can be complex depending on environment
Best for: DIY homeowners with larger properties seeking scalable leak detection and smart automation, especially in areas with unreliable Wi-Fi
Not ideal for: Users looking for plug-and-play systems or minimal setup with no hub requirement
- Compatible Devices:Alexa, Google Assistant
- Number of Batteries:4 AAA batteries
- Control Method:App, Voice
- Range:Up to 400 meters
Our verdict“This kit is best for DIY users who need scalable, long-range leak protection with smart home integration and offline operation.”
How We Picked
These products were evaluated based on performance, ease of installation, build quality, integration options, and value for money. Systems that reliably detect leaks, shut off water quickly, and integrate with popular smart home platforms ranked higher. Expandability—such as the ability to add sensors or control multiple zones—also influenced rankings. We aimed to highlight options suitable for different home sizes and user expertise, ensuring each product offers a clear advantage for specific needs. The ranking reflects a balance of these factors, prioritizing reliability and user experience.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Water Shutoff Valve Smart System
Selecting the best water shutoff valve smart system involves considering several key factors. Compatibility with your existing home setup, ease of installation, and sensor coverage are critical. Think about whether you need a system that works offline or can be integrated into a broader smart home network. Price and expandability often influence value, while auto shutoff speed can be a difference-maker during emergencies. Keep in mind that larger properties may require systems with greater range or multiple sensors. Making an informed choice involves balancing these considerations with your budget and technical comfort.Compatibility and Smart Home Integration
Before purchasing, verify if the system works with your existing smart home devices such as Alexa, Google Home, or other platforms. Some systems are designed for seamless integration, enabling voice control and automation routines, while others operate independently. Compatibility ensures you can incorporate leak alerts into your daily routines and emergency responses, but it can also add complexity and cost. Consider your current smart setup to avoid buying a system that requires additional hubs or adapters, which can complicate installation and increase expenses.
Ease of Installation and Maintenance
Ease of setup varies widely among these systems. Plug-and-play models tend to appeal to DIY homeowners, but more advanced setups with multiple sensors and network configurations may require professional installation. Maintenance considerations include battery life, sensor calibration, and firmware updates. A system with long battery life reduces the need for frequent checks, while those with straightforward app interfaces simplify ongoing management. Overly complex systems might provide more features but could also introduce points of failure or require technical knowledge to troubleshoot effectively.
Coverage and Expandability
Consider the size of your property and the number of potential leak points. Larger homes or properties with multiple floors may need systems that support multiple sensors or have extended range capabilities. Expandability is a key factor—look for systems that allow adding sensors or controlling multiple zones if needed. Some options offer extensive networks, while others are better suited for small apartments. Planning for future needs now can save money and hassle later, especially if you want to upgrade or expand your leak protection.
Response Speed and Auto Shutoff Features
The primary purpose of these systems is to minimize water damage by shutting off water quickly after detecting a leak. Response times vary, with some systems acting within seconds and others taking longer due to sensor placement or communication delays. Faster shutoff features are more effective during emergency leaks, but they often come with higher costs or more complex installation. Balance the importance of rapid response against your home’s layout and your budget to select a system that provides peace of mind without overpaying for unnecessary speed.
Price and Value
Prices range from affordable, basic leak detection kits to high-end systems with extensive sensor networks and smart home features. Cheaper options generally provide core leak detection and shutoff, but may lack expandability or smart integrations. Premium models offer more sensors, faster response, and broader automation options, which are valuable for larger or more complex homes. Consider what features are essential for your home, and weigh the cost against potential savings from preventing water damage. Sometimes investing in a more capable system pays off in long-term peace of mind.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I install a water shutoff valve smart system myself?
Many systems are designed with DIY installation in mind, especially those with straightforward connections and wireless sensors. However, some setups involving plumbing modifications or integration with existing home systems may require professional help. Reading the manufacturer’s instructions carefully and ensuring you have the necessary tools can simplify the process. If you’re comfortable with basic plumbing and electronics, installing most systems should be manageable, but for complex integrations or larger properties, hiring a professional could save time and prevent errors.
How quickly do these systems shut off water after detecting a leak?
Response times vary by model, with most aiming for automatic shutoff within 15 to 30 seconds of leak detection. Faster response minimizes water wastage and potential damage, especially in high-risk areas like basements or near appliances. Some premium systems advertise even quicker action, but this depends on sensor placement, network latency, and the quality of the shutoff valve itself. If rapid response is critical, prioritize models with proven quick activation and reliable sensors.
Are these systems compatible with all types of plumbing?
Most water shutoff valve smart systems are designed to work with standard residential plumbing, typically ½” or ¾” pipes. However, compatibility can vary with specialized or older plumbing setups, so verifying the valve size and connection type before purchasing is important. Some systems are adjustable or come with adapters to fit different pipe sizes. For unconventional plumbing materials or configurations, consulting a plumbing professional can help determine the best fit and avoid installation issues.
Do these systems work offline or require constant internet connection?
Many systems rely on WiFi or LoRa networks for communication, meaning they need an internet connection for full functionality, including remote alerts and control. However, some models include offline operation modes or local control options, which allow the system to function even during internet outages. If internet stability is a concern, look for systems with backup power or offline capabilities to ensure continuous leak detection and shutoff, especially in areas prone to connectivity issues.
What happens if the system’s sensors or valves fail?
All electronic systems carry some risk of failure, whether due to sensor malfunction, power loss, or mechanical issues. Many premium systems include redundancy features, such as multiple sensors or alerts for component failures, to mitigate this. Regular maintenance, such as sensor calibration and battery checks, can help prevent failures. In case of a malfunction, having a manual shutoff valve nearby or a secondary system can serve as a backup to protect your home from water damage.
Conclusion
For most homeowners seeking reliable leak protection, the Frizzlife LP365 offers a strong balance of ease of use, automation, and smart home compatibility, making it the best overall choice. Those with larger properties or needing extended coverage might prefer the YoLink FlowSmart for its longer-range capabilities. Budget-conscious buyers can consider simpler, plug-and-play options like the Moen Flo, which still provides effective leak detection. For newcomers or quick installs, systems with straightforward setup and basic automation serve best. Ultimately, your choice depends on your home size, technical comfort, and desired features—matching the system to your specific needs ensures effective leak prevention and peace of mind.
